Indexing

Abstract: According to the World Drug report 2024, 292 million people use illicit drugs in 2022 and it shows 20% increase over 10 years. Further, 43% of women among people who use drugs in 2022, depend on non-medical use of pharmaceutical opioids such as sedatives and tranquillizers.

Prescription drug diversion is a major concerning challenge faced by many countries worldwide. Prescription drugs diversion involves the unlawful channelling of legitimated and regulated pharmaceuticals from legal sources to the illicit marketplace. This study was conducted by the National Narcotics Laboratory (NNL) of the National Dangerous Drugs Control Board (NDDCB) by analysing the Suspected Drug Samples received for routine analysis during the period from 2019 to 2022. These samples were referred to the NNL from various Law Enforcement and Regulatory institutions across Sri Lanka.

Sample preparation was conducted using Methanol (AR) as extraction solvent and Samples received to the laboratory was confirmed using Agilent 8890 Gas chromatograph equipped with a 5977B GC/MSD and Bruker FTIR. Of the total number of samples received in 2019, 46% of the samples were given positive identifications related to the pharmaceutical substances. Out of this samples, 14% for tramadol, 28% for Pregabalin, 1% for Methylphenidate, Acetaminophen, Alprazolam and Diazepam were identified. In 2020, 71% of the incidences received from total cases were related to pharmaceutical substances (Table 5). From this 71% of the incidences, 59% cases given positive results for pregabalin and rest of the other samples given positive results for Gabapentin, Fluoxetine, Scopolamine, Ketamine, Codeine and Tramadol. In 2021, 18% and in 2022, 24% of the cases received to the NNL were identified as pharmaceutical substances related cases. From the above identified substance, Tramadol, Pregabalin, Diazepam, Methylphenidate, Codeine and Gabapentin control under the Sri Lankan Law,

Keywords: Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances, Psycho-pharmaceuticals, Drug Diversion.

Title: An analysis of Suspected Pharmaceutical and Psycho-Pharmaceutical Drug Samples: Trends in the Non-Medical Use of Pharmaceutical Substances in Sri Lanka

Author: Mayoni Abeynayake, Indika Wanninayake

International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)

ISSN 2349-7831

Vol. 13, Issue 1, January 2026 - March 2026

Page No: 30-36

Paper Publications                                                                                    

Website: www.paperpublications.org

Published Date: 30-March-2026

Abstract: This paper examines the integration of international human rights obligations into subnational legislative processes in federal systems, using disability rights lawmaking in Nigeria as an illustrative case. Despite Nigeria’s ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the enactment of federal disability legislation, significant disparities exist in the adoption, alignment, and enforcement of state-level laws. The study highlights the doctrinal pathways, institutional mechanisms, and political factors that influence subnational compliance, including legislative incorporation, judicial interpretation, cooperative federalism, and participatory lawmaking. It further analyzes substantive and institutional gaps in state legislation, revealing challenges such as limited enforcement capacity, weak civil society engagement, and uneven intergovernmental coordination. Drawing on these findings, the paper outlines treaty-consistent legislative drafting techniques, intergovernmental harmonization strategies, and participatory governance approaches that enhance democratic legitimacy and rights realization at the subnational level. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of multilevel human rights governance, demonstrating that effective treaty implementation in federal systems requires more than formal ratification; it depends on coordinated legal, institutional, and civil society mechanisms that bridge the gap between international norms and practical outcomes. Finally, the paper identifies lessons for policy and legislative reform and proposes avenues for future research on the operationalization of human rights in decentralized governance contexts.

Keywords: Federal System, Human Rights, Disability Rights, Subnational Legislative Drafting, Nigeria.

Title: International Human Rights Obligations into Subnational Legislative Drafting in Federal Systems: Evidence from Disability Rights Lawmaking in Nigeria

Author: Favour Ojochide Raphael, Olamide Olatomike Ajala, Amina Catherine Peter-Anyebe, Toyosi Motilola Olala, Bukola Oloba

International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)

ISSN 2349-7831

Vol. 13, Issue 1, January 2026 - March 2026

Page No: 14-29

Paper Publications                                                                                    

Website: www.paperpublications.org

Published Date: 05-February-2026

Abstract: This paper explores how urban migration policies are linked to migrants’ contributions to rural development in Ghana. By integrating Migration Systems Theory, the New Economics of Labor Migration, and the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, this research employs a quantitative cross-sectional research design that uses survey data with 200 urban migrants, for which there are 165 valid responses. The analyses used descriptive statistics, correlation methods, and factor analysis to examine migrants in socio-economic terms, migration drivers, and perceived policy effectiveness, as well as the ways in which migration does influence rural development. Results show that employment is the most important migration facilitator, followed by education and healthcare. The correlation results show further evidence of a significant positive association between beliefs about policy influence, migrants’ contributions, and rural development impacts. Factor analysis reveals five latent factors that drive the migration–development nexus: policy awareness and perception, migrant participation in agricultural development, institutional provision, perceived development outcomes, and policy effectiveness and sustainability. Although migration has made colossal contributions in terms of remittance flows, investment, and knowledge transfer, weak institutional capacity, lack of rural infrastructure, and policy volatility impede its full development potential. The analysis contends that migration is not just a household-level choice, but rather it is a developmental process shaped by policy and institutional environments. Policy communication and institutional support, as well as rural infrastructure construction to promote the increased contribution of migrants to rural development. Policy implications for decision makers and development practitioners who are interested in mainstreaming migration into the rural development planning of Ghana are discussed based on the results.

Keywords: Development, Ghana, Migration, Rural–urban linkages, Sustainability, Urbanization, Youth.

Title: Urban Migration Policies, Migrant Contributions, and Rural Development: Evidence from Ghana

Author: Solomon Fobi, Cai Lianyu

International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)

ISSN 2349-7831

Vol. 13, Issue 1, January 2026 - March 2026

Page No: 1-13

Paper Publications                                                                                    

Website: www.paperpublications.org

Published Date: 26-January-2026